Schematic diagram of superoxide acting as a “bridge” between the extracellular electric stimulation and the intracellular signals in electrotaxis.

<p>DCEF induces the generation of superoxide. The superoxide then activates the Erk1/2 and Akt. The activation of these signaling pathways might be critical for the rearrangement and polarization of the cytoskeleton, which gears up the directional migration.